Thursday, October 31, 2019

Conducting a Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Conducting a Market - Essay Example iPhone is the pioneer smartphone that enhanced the mobile phone users’ experiences with its touchpad feature. iPhone has significantly impacted the market share of all leading mobile phones worldwide and has been successful in developing a loyal customer base (Keller, 120). Hence, the paper will analyse the success of iPhone in the smartphone industry and the customer perception about iPhone to gain a deeper understanding about the strategy followed by Apple to exceed the expectations of its customers and make them loyal to the brand. Research objectives Since the foremost goal of the research is to determine the customer perception about Apple’s iPhone, the main research objectives that are addressed in this paper are as follows: 1. To determine the best features of iPhone 2. To identify the customer loyalty level with iPhone 3. To analyse the factors that created a distinctive image of iPhone in the market Importance of the study With the help of the study, an underst anding about the elements that form the customer perception about a brand will be identified. This research will allow the evaluation of various factors that have been the source of Apple’s success. When the marketing strategies of top-ranked brands are studied, it assists in analysing the key constituents that are taken into account to create the desired brand image and the steps taken to retain the customer’s attention. By studying the customer perception about iPhone, the research provided details about interesting facts that the company focuses on exceeding the satisfaction level of its prestigious customers. Limitations of the study As there were time and resource... This report stresses that iPhone is considered to be the best brand in the smartphone industry as it has been providing an exceptional experience to the users. With each new breakthrough invention, Apple continues to enhance the customer expectation level; it has definitely an excellent perceived quality which is evident from the growth in number of customers every year. The phone developers have done a marvellous job by creating the smartphones in a simple and easy to use form. However, the company should try to attract the people of old generation by offering them attractive packages. Apple should try to grab their attention by informing them the positive sides of using the smartphone. This paper makes a conclusion that the customer perception about iPhone is strong and positive and they have trust in the brand that they will be offered only genuine and fine quality products which will ensure that they get value for their money for a long period. As the quality of iPhone is durable, there are fewer chances that the customers face any problem when using it; in case of any issue, they can easily contact the company’s representative who will resolve the matter as soon as possible. Providing customers the after sales services also impacts the brand image of the product in a positive way. Such value added features increases the chances of customers for making repeat purchases when they plan to buy a similar product in future.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Red Bulls current marketing strategies Essay Example for Free

Red Bulls current marketing strategies Essay How should Red Bull market its brand in the future? I think, although Red Bull has been extremely successful in the past, times have changed and the company and products should change with it, otherwise we probably lose market share to the tremendous increased number of competitors in no time.At the height of early mornings and late nights, Red Bull energy drink became the fuel of choice for people from all walks of life. So how is Red Bull marketing its brand to meet the changing needs and budgets of its customers? How will the privately owned Austrian company expand its product line beyond the silver-bullet beverage that gives you wings? My conclusion is that we should focus on what the consumers want, need, and can afford and different marketing techniques. Red Bull founder, Dietrich Mateschitz, introduced his tonic drinks to the Austrian market in 1987. Red Bull got off the ground in no time flat, giving people wings right from the start. It wasnt until ten years later, Red Bull charged into the United States, launching a new category of non-soda energy drinks aimed at burned out high school kids, college students, and overworked individuals. In my opinion Red Bull should focus not only on low cost marketing, but also areas of mass marketing. Red Bull is an energy drink with an amazingly clever marketing strategy, but could use an extra shove in areas. Since its inception, Red Bull has shunned print advertising in its marketing strategy. Red Bull has also chosen to eliminate billboards, banner ads, taxicab holograms, blimps, and Super Bowl spots as a form of advertising. It has not created one web-marketing campaign, and it hasnt nipped or expanded its product line. This could be a good area to begin. Promoting the drink with prints or web-marketing campaigns could add to the many satisfied consumers. Red Bulls website could also use renovations. The website, http://www.redbullusa.com/start.html, does not include an in-depth analysis on ingredients contained in the drink, whereas Dark Dog and Red Devil do. If consumers wanted to learn what was contained in the drink and how they benefit from the product, the information should not only be available, but in abundance. Also, Super Bowl advertising has proved to be very beneficial,  with more viewers than any TV program. Advanced communications technology is creating a generation where many individual can be touched by one visual. However, Red Bull chooses to use advertising that cost little or nothing. Red Bull has also adopted another form of low cost advertising. Red Bull sets its grassroots ethic into motion with a simple, yet masterful marketing force, student brand managers. In Europe, collegiate buzz junkies have been successfully addicting friends and classmates for years thanks to a foolproof branding plan; Red Bull provides the student representatives with free cases of its energy drink and then encourages the kids to throw a party. Red Bull could also use this technique with older individuals in high stress occupations. This will not only spread the word quickly and cheaply, but to more individuals of different ages. This would allow Red Bull to expand its target. In terms of attracting new customers and enhancing consumer loyalty, Red Bull has a more effective branding campaign than Coke or Pepsi, says Nancy F. Koehn, professor of business administration at Harvard Business School and author of Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers Trust from Wedgwood to Dell (Harvard Business School Press, 2001). Red Bull is building a beverage brand without relying on the essential equipment of a mass-marketing campaign. Perhaps the indispensable tools of marketing arent so indispensable after all. With the little advertising Red Bull uses, an extra push in one of these areas could prove very beneficial for the company. Resources: Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers Trust from Wedgwood to Dell (Harvard Business School Press, 2001) http://www.redbullusa.com/start.html http://www.plan-b.biz/pdf/Speed_In_a_Can.pdf http://www.darkdog.com/ http://www.reddevilusa.com/ http://www.safefoodonline.com/safefood/Uploads/appendix_I_stimulant_drinks_in_ireland%2520_trans_mgmt.pdf

Saturday, October 26, 2019

An Overview Of Tourist Motivation Tourism Essay

An Overview Of Tourist Motivation Tourism Essay Tourist motivation is seen by many writers as one of the key elements in understanding tourist decision-making behaviour. A sound understanding of travel motivation plays a critical role in predicting future travel patterns and destination selection. The big answer to the basic question, why do people travel? has occupied the minds of tourist researchers for many years. Many different motives compel people to travel. Various methods have been employed to uncover travel motives. The following literature will shed light on various theories that can be used to have a knowledge why people travel to urban destination. Tourist motivation can be defined as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behaviour and experience. (Pearce, Morrison Rutledge, 1998). Put simply, motivation is a state of arousal of a drive or need which impels people to activity in pursuit of goals. Once the goals have been achieved the need subsides and the individual returns to the equilibrium-but only briefly because new motives arise as the last one is satisfied. As cited in Seaton (1997) motivation of the individual person to travel, to look outside for what he cannot find inside have been largely created by society and shaped by everyday life. Grays (1979) travel-motivation theory, poses only two main motives for travel. One is the desire to go from a known to an unknown place, called in Grays theory wanderlust. The other motive is what Grays called sunlust. This generates a trip to a place which can provide the traveler with specific facilities t hat do not exist in his or her own place of residence. Some of the motives which determine their travel choices are recreation, pleasure, new experiences, cultural interest, shopping. The existence of internal and external factors which motivates human behavior is assumed by many authors. Kotler (182) for example, stipulate that motivation can be caused by the result of internal and external stimuli. Internal stimuli arise from personal needs and wants that can be physiological, social, egocentric, safety, and self-actualisation. External stimuli arise from marketing. Travel motives can be personal (personal training, compensation, rest and knowledge) or interpersonal (resulting from social relations) (dann, 1977, Yoon and Uysal, 2005). Dann (1977) classifies personal motives as those that predispose the individual for travelling, escape from daily routines, the desire to escape from solitude while interpersonal motives arise from the need to seek some form of social recognition that is obtained through travel. According to the push and pull concept, Crompton (1979), push factors explains the desire for travel while the pull motives have been used to explain the actual destination choice. Nine motivations of leisure travelers were identified and classified seven as socio-psychological or push motives and two as cultural or pull motives. The seven push motives were, escape from a perceived mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships, and facilitation of social interaction. The pull motives were novelty and education. Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types: tension-reducing motives; arousal-seeking motives. There are five needs forming a hierarchy, progressing from the lower to the higher needs. At the bottom are the basic needs for food, water and air. Then, above them is the need for safety, security, and protection. The higher needs in this hierarchy only come into focus when the lower needs in the pyramid are met. Once an individual has moved upwards to the next level, needs in the lower level will no longer be prioritized. Cooper et al (2005) questioned Maslows theory saying that why and how Maslow selected the basic five needs remain unclear, although Page (2003) feels that it has relevance in understanding how human action is understandable and predictable compared to research which argues that human behaviour is essentially irrational and unpredictable. Though much criticism about Maslows theory, the tourism literature has borrowed a lot from Maslow since he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labeled and provide a useful framework for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. Thus, for example, although the apparent purpose of a trip may be for shopping, the underlying psychological motivation may be to impress their neighbours and gain higher social status. Iso-Ahola (1982) says that tourists will switch roles while on holiday, and that over time different needs will arise. Single motivation may not always act as the determining factor for travel. If within the holiday, the initial needs are satisfied, other motivations might emerge. Indeed, it is congruent with Maslows theories of needs to argue that if initially there is a primary need for relaxation while on a holiday, the satisfaction of that need will create awareness of other needs such as exploration of place as a means of acquiring a sense of belonging or to enable processes of self-actualisation to take place. Dann (1981) has identified seven elements of tourist motivations: travel as a response to what is lacking yet desired; destination pull in response to motivational push; motivation as fantasy(engage in behaviour and activities that are culturally unacceptable in their home environment like prostitution and gambling); motivation as classified purpose(VFRs); motivational typologies; motivation and tourist experiences; motivation as auto-definition and meaning (the way in which tourist define their situations and respond to them).[Page Connell,2003]. Beard and Ragheb (1983:225), propose four motivational needs which came from the work of Maslow (1970).These are: the intellectual component (such as learning, exploring, discovering, thought or imagining), the social component where individuals engage in leisure activities for social reasons. This component includes two basic needs (need for friendship and interpersonal relationships and the need for the esteem of others), the competence-mastery component assesses the extent to which individuals engage in leisure activities in order to achieve, master, challenge and compete. The activities are usually physical in nature and finally the stimulus-avoidance component of leisure motivation which assesses the drive to escape and get away from over-stimulating life situations. It is the need for some individuals to avoid social contacts, to seek solitude and calm conditions; and for others it is to seek to rest and to unwind themselves. These four motivations form the foundation of their Leisure Motivation. P.Pearce (1988) using the concept of a travel ladder when investigating motivation for tourism, suggested that motivation are multivariate and dynamic, changing particularly as a result of ageing and lifecycle stage, as well as being influenced by other people. He proposed the following motivation categories: relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self-esteem and development, fulfillment. In Pearces model, the motivations listed can be divided into two categories. The needs may be self-centered or directed at others. Thus, for instance, relaxation may be a solo exercise where the holiday-maker seeks a quiet restful time alone or it can be relaxation in the company of others, springing from the need for external excitement and desire for novelty. Stimulation can be self-directed which springs from the concern for own safety, or it can be directed toward others arising out of the concern for others safety. Relationship can be self-directed which means giving love and affection and main taining relationships, or it can be directed at others which means receiving affection, to be with group membership. Self-esteem and development maybe self-directed like development of skills, special interests, competence and mastery, or it may be directed at others like prestige, glamour of travelling. Fulfillment is totally self-directed as it fulfils individual dreams, understands oneself more and experience inner peace and harmony. There are some criticisms against Pearces travel motivations. For example, Pearce argues that stimulation may be understood along a dimension of risk and safety of self or others. However, it might be argued that there is a real and distinctive difference between these two motivations. Chadwick (1987) provided a simplified categorization of why people travel under three main headings. These are as follows: Pleasure: leisure, culture, active sports, visiting friends and relatives, Professional: Meeting, missions, business, etc, other purposes: Study, health and transit. Classifying tourist behaviours have important implications for the study of the impact of tourism on destination. Shaw Williams (2002) opines that many of the typologies are based around identifying the significant traits of tourists. According to Klenosky (2002) travel behaviour is motivated by two sets of factors, one that influences or pushes a person to consider travelling outside his or her everyday environment and another set that attracts or pulls that person to visit a particular destination. Several sociological theories have been put forward in the tourist literature in an attempt to explain motivation. Cohen (1972), in his early studies sub-divided tourist into four types based on motivation. He asserted that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the same time, most also need to retain something familiar. He distinguished tourist using sociological principles into organized mass tourist, individual mass tourists, explorer and drifter. Hence, at one end of his continuum was the organized mass tourist seeking familiarity in the holiday surroundings, while at the other end, the drifter is willing to accept far more strangeness. Smith (1977) provided a more detailed variant of Cohens tourist typologies. Smith (1977) identifies 7 categories of tourist who have been termed as interactional typologies: explorer, elite, off-beat, unusual, incipient mass, mass, and charter. However, Plog (1990) criticised the validity of Smiths typology. Shaw Williams (2002) argued that Plogs typology is built upon asking tourists about their real general lifestyles or value systems, often using perceptual information derived from in-depth interviews. Plog suggested two set of individual: allo-centric and psycho-centric. The latter are concerned primarily with the self, are inhibited and non-adventurous. In term of tourist behaviour, psycho-centrics want the familiar and are unlikely to travel great distances to explore new tourism destinations. Conversely, the former are confident, naturally inquisitive and seek out the unfamiliar when travelling. This typology can be used to examine tourist motivations as well as attitudes to particular destinations and modes of travel. Johns Gyimothy (2002) states that Plog (1973) used a psychometric scale to categorise tourists into allocentric, midcentric and psychocentric, depending on individuals relative focus on their own culture and the one they are visiting. Psychocentrics tourists like nice swimming pool; well organized trip; good facilities; pub lunches. Cooper et al (2005) feel they are conservative in their travel patterns. However, Cooper et al (2005) questions the applicability of the typology. They feel that tourists may on a second visit travel to nearby psychocentric-type areas, whereas the main holiday maybe in an allocentric-type destination. Gottlieb(in Davidoff and Davidoff,1983) as cited in Seaton(1997), suggests that there are two kinds of tourists-those who seek a pampered lifestyle beyond their means in everyday life while the latter, having access to material luxuries in their everyday life, seek simpler, more primitive contacts in their leisure(e.g. on safaris, roughing it on adventure h olidays, etc). Shaw Williams (2002) states few problems associated with tourist typologies. Firstly, typologies are relatively static models due to lack of information (Lowyck et al, 1990).Secondly, individuals change as tourists over time. Changing patterns of tourist behaviour do not exist in sufficient detail or scale. Tourist typologies offer just mere generalities. According to Shaw Williams (2002) these typologies are beneficial despite their limitations. They provide insight into motivations of tourist and their behaviour. An insight of the various types of tourism purpose and motivation is crucial for those planning and marketing tourist destinations. All service providers and tourism planners must know why people want their products. However, there are many problems of determining tourism motivations. According to Seaton (1997) people rarely think about the underlying reasons for their actions. Motivations for activities may not bear too much self-critical scrutiny like sex tourism. Again tourism motivations often include contradictory impulses. Seaton (1997) typifies two such sets of opposing desires: Novelty and adventure (exploring a new place) vs. Familiarity and security (staying in a hotel with familiar comforts). Another problem is that it is often difficult to distinguish individual motives from socially constructed vocabularies of motives. People often give reasons for doing things that they have been programmed to give, none of which may constitute the real reason for a trip. According to P age (2003), if we are able to understand what prompts people to leave their homes and travel to new places, then we may be able to develop approaches that will help us to manage the tourists and their impacts and plan an enjoyable experience for them. More fundamentally, understanding tourist motivation may help to explain why certain places are more developed as successful tourism destination than others and then continued to grow, stagnated or declined as tastes and fashions changed.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

The Cold War Essay -- American History Cold War Violence Essays

From the years 1947 through 1965 the United States was feeling a big impact from the Cold War on their ways of life. The biggest impact of this was seen among the middle class who were quickly rising to be the social class majority. From 1946 until 1964 births were reaching record highs with 76 million babies. This was an increase from just 44 million from 1929 through 1945. With a post-war perspective, Americans ?were better off than ever before?. This could partly be due to the economic boom that had swept the country after World War II was over. This boom was led by the automobile, construction, and defense industries; this boom lasted for twenty-five years. All of these changes in American culture were due to breakout of the Cold War (Norton 788). The United States, in the year 1947, Harry Truman had been president for two years. Unfortunately, as Vice President, Truman had been kept in the dark from Franklin Delano Roosevelt (the current President) about military and foreign objectives. Having to deal with the onset of the Cold War, Truman was also confused and felt inadequate. He managed to anger almost everyone including liberals and conservatives, farmers, consumers, and union members (Norton 788). It definitely did not help that from 1949 to 1950 bad things kept happening to the United States. In June of 1949 the Soviet Union set off a nuclear weapon test bomb in Siberia. It was announced to the country as a whole in September of the same year. This managed to leave the United States very vulnerable; however, it would be hard for the Soviets to deliver a nuclear weapon and to detonate it within the boundaries of the country. In 1949 the Civil War in China between the Nationalists and the Co... ...in the suburbs. The people who fled to the newly formed suburbs were often in a group of their own; many were white middle-class families. This led to definite lines being drawn between races. The minorities consisting of African Americans, Hispanics, and others stayed in the cities. The change was so pronounced that many have called the movement of white from the cities to the suburbs ?white flight? (Manzione). This caused a very restrictive and rigid culture among the races. Americans as a whole went through many different thought processes during the Cold War era. They went from thinking they were virtually invincible to realizing that their world could crumble in a matter of minutes with weapons of mass destruction. The Soviet Union challenged America during this time period and this created many cultural changes and complexities.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Women in the War

1. In Britain in 1914 and before, women were thought of as second class citizens. Women had few privileges that men had; they were down upon by men. Women's employment opportunities were limited and their pay was considerably less than a man's. All this was due to strong discrimination about women being of less importance and intelligence, the general view was traditional one which inferred that women should be housewives. Only one third of women were in paid employment. However there were differences between the jobs they did because of their class. Middle class and Working class women did very different jobs. Working class women worked in more manual, and labour intensive jobs. Whilst Middle class did more intellectual jobs. So we already know that there were clear distinctions between the jobs the women of different classes did. Working class women mostly did domestic services such as cleaning or being servants for the rich. They had to work in poor conditions and were subjected to long working hours. On top of this they received criticism, low wages and got little time off. A major employer was the textiles industry in which women could supervise, yet men often get these jobs. Women also made clothes and dresses, or jewellery or painted ornaments. Middle class women experienced better working conditions. These women were more likely to work as teachers, nurses, secretaries and shop assistants. Women had no political vote and were looked down on as inferior to men. Before 1914 jobs for women were limited and discouraged due to traditional beliefs about the role of women. Within this discrimination there was further discrimination between the classes of women. They were expected to manage the house. People were aware of this and a group called the Suffragettes voiced the opinion that equality should be imposed. This all changed when war broke out. 2. When war broke out the men went to war, this meant that they left their vacant jobs behind. The country was behind the war effort and all came together. Women were at first not allowed to fill the men's jobs, they were only allowed to knit and fundraise. People, including Emmeline Pankhurst, a leading Suffragette realised that women could help more. Pankhurst in July 1915 organised a ‘Right to Serve' march in which 60 000 women took part. There was also an increasing demand for shells due to shortages on the front line. Lloyd George, the Minister of Munitions had to negotiate with trade unions to let women work. They came to a deal known as the ‘Treasury Agreements'. Women began to work in industrial employment; they began manufacturing munitions and shells. The government backed Pankhurst further by giving them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3000 to organise processions. Also the women war register was established; it contained all the names of women wanting to help. Also more jobs needed filling when, in early 1916 the government introduced conscription as they realised they were in for the long slog. The war wouldn't be over any time soon. Vigorous campaigning ensued with extensive propaganda encouraging women to work instead of men in industry, farming and the armed services. As a result of increased levels of women working birth rates were falling, this was because women were worried about raising children during wartime. So to ease worries, the government increased the number of child welfare centres so that children and babies had a place where they could be cared for. Female employment levels rose massively due to encouragement, campaigning and thanks to the women's will to help the country win the war. Another reason is because men had to go fight on the frontlines so in order to keep up the production of munitions and shells, the women had to fill in the men's jobs. 3. Before the war women were limited to working in textiles even though they were paid at a fraction of the money that men were. Only a third of women were in paid employment. There were strict traditional rules in society which made it clear that some jobs were purely a certain gender. Women of a lower class had to generally work as domestic services for the rich and middle class women worked doing clerical work and teaching. Women were seen as 2nd class citizens. When the war broke out the men left to go to war meaning that there were vacant jobs that needed to be filled. At first the government were reluctant, but later they realised that women could make a big difference. Protests organised by the Suffragettes encouraged women to work. Women worked in industry, medical and many new areas of employment now. Women though were still treated badly, underpaid and overworked. Some men resented the women and say them as inferior. More positively though is that women became freer and some women over 30 could vote. After 4 years of war, it was over; the allies had won and the men returned home. Women were pressured to leave their jobs for the men and go back to their old jobs, mostly housekeeping. Women did leave work and female employment levels returned to what they were before 1914. The jobs that women worked in changed slightly though as more women worked in areas such as law and medicine, pay did also improve. In the short term it looked like not much had changed, things were back to normal. Women were still paid less and weren't promoted above men. However in the long run World War 1 changed the role of women and had a massive impact as they earned the respect and privileges that they deserved for their contributions. It had been made clear that women were capable of many things that men could do and over time the mood changed regarding what women could and should do.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

How Tests Affect the Student Essay Example

How Tests Affect the Student Essay Example How Tests Affect the Student Essay How Tests Affect the Student Essay Essay Topic: 8th Grade 9th Grade Students all over the nation are experiencing delays to learning. Whether children are poor or In low class families, have low school funding, are being discriminated against because of their standardized test scores, or are being tracked throughout their entire school career, they are not getting the best education they possibly can. A lot of schools are having difficulty with the No Child Left Behind law because it forces students who have learning disabilities and English as a second language students to take standardized tests. Not only is this not fair to the learning sizable students and students who dont primarily speak English, but this will also drop schools test scores. In order for all students to get the best school experience they possibly can, standardized test scores should not count nearly as much as they do, and no matter what is different about each individual child, he or she should never be discriminated against in the classroom. Lower class students should have Just as good of an education as middle to upper class students. However, this is not always the case. Lower class students are sometimes made to feel Like theyre stupid because the teachers or school itself isnt put enough attention on those students. If a difficult topic Is being taught In class, teachers are more likely to call on the upper to middle class students so they dont have to correct the answer of a wrong child because the teachers feel like the child doesnt care, when in reality its because the teachers are not teaching the children well. The background off child should not influence the way they are taught or what theyre learning. In America, the rich keep getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. Not only is this bad for our country, Its damaging the education process for the poor. Per class students always get the best education because theyre offered more advanced classes and a bigger variety of classes to take. As said by the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities (2013), No matter how you slice it, when it comes to income and wealth in America the rich get most of the pie and the rest get the leftovers. I always wonder why America works like this. Why does all of the money go to the rich even though they already have money? I think It should go to the lower class citizens who have multiple jobs and are soul In a great amount of debt and others who are In animal situations. If the government wants to get out of the recession were in, they have to help out the lower, and middle, class instead of continuing to hurt them. However, even though America is in a horrible recession right now, it should not affect children going to school. If teachers are interested in their students, it shouldnt matter if theyre black or white, or rich or poor. Teachers should give every Individual student the attention they need when learning to do new things. Not every case is the teachers fault though; children could be coming to school hungry, Hereford they wont be paying too much attention on the learning. Also, if the school itself is very poor they might not have all of the materials needed to give students a great education. Lower class students always seem to be the children that get picked on more often, too. Even in the classroom, I couldnt get away from the sting of high- school poverty In History when we learned about the Great Depression and the Dust nickname. (Sapp, 2009) Children who are going through hunger and bullying constantly at school most likely dont care about learning at school, they have other wings on their mind. But teachers always need to step in and try to help them anyways. Theres a reason the child is at school and it is to learn. The schools in our country are not getting the proper funding that they should be getting. Back when I was in high school, I was constantly seeing my school beg the residents in our community for more funding for schools. However, the bill always got declined because no one wanted to pay the extra taxes; therefore we had to have things cut out of our curriculum like some arts and music classes. We also ran out of white paper and were sometimes given assignments on colored paper or scrap paper. No one was thinking about the students needs and desires only what was coming out of their pocket. And if it was happening to the high school students, it was also happening to the younger students who need art and music classes a lot more than teenagers. The people of America need to stop thinking about only themselves and think of the children. One day those children will grow up to run the United States and without the proper education, how will our country prosper? In America, schools are not funded equally. The upper class schools get high-tech equipment such as computers and digital cameras for a filming class while some other schools can barely give out paper. Kara states our schools dont get enough money, and the money they do get is not distributed fairly. (2007) I agree with Kara because Eve seen this first hand. I did not grow up in a poor town, it was middle to upper class families and we were constantly hearing the words budget cuts. School funding in America is not equitable at all. If it was equitable, every child would have the same education and be able to do amazing things. The children growing up in lower class communities do not nearly have as much opportunity as the children growing up in upper class communities because theyre not given as many subjects to take and things to find an interest in. The Unit ed States needs to find a way to make the education system across the country equitable and fair because every child should have the chance to grow and make themselves whoever they want to be. Growing up I dreaded standardized tests. Tests make me very nervous and I find myself to do poorly even on multiple choice tests because I would over analyze everything in the question. Standardized tests made this fear of tests sky rocket for me and many other students. My worst subject in school is math, so of course on math tests I was anxious. When I took the Stats and got to the math portion of the exam, I could barely pay attention. I was constantly thinking about how every answer was going to affect me in the long run and could possibly ruin my chances of getting into a good college. I had to take the Stats twice because my first score was not nearly good enough. Standardized test scores should not count nearly as much as hey do. With standardized test scores being one of the determining factors of college and moving up by grade, students abilities in other academic and creative areas are being destroyed. Not only do standardized tests make students nervous, they are Judging the students differently based on color and class. Meier says across age groups, standardized tests discriminate against low-income students and students of theyre automatically going to do worse than the student who is white and middle or upper class. Theres absolutely no sense in that at all. Every child has the potential o do amazing things and standardized tests only discourage students who dont do as well on them; especially black, lower class students. If these students know that their tests scores are lower because of the way their familys income is or because of the color of their skin, it would make them not want to do as well in school. Why would they? It doesnt matter if they get every single answer right because they have points off for being black and poor. Meier also makes a great point by saying two false assumptions En is that standardized tests are a valid measure of excellence. The second is that standardized tests can be used to improve education, especially for low-income students and students of color. (Meier, 2007) These statements are clearly false because not every subject and other things learned in schools are on standardized tests. And if a black, low-income students test scores are lower than a white, h igh-income student, then how will standardized tests improve education? Standardized tests should not be a deciding factor for students education, and they absolutely do not improve education. Just about every student in the United States today is being tracked. Whether they have a little trouble with reading, completely cant comprehend a subject, or excel in every field of study, they are tracked. Tracking starts as early as 1st grade and follows the students until they graduate high school. When I was in elementary school, I was placed in a special class for reading. Although that class helped me tremendously, it ended up causing problems for me later in my education. When I was in 8th grade all the students got to take Spanish or French, except for the students who were chosen to take reading. I was good at reading by that point but I till had to take it and skip out a year on taking a language. If I was not placed in the reading class years ago, I probably would not have had to take the reading class in 8th grade. A number of studies have found that top-tracking classes spend more class time on learning activities and less on discipline, socializing, or class routines. (Sakes, 1994) I agree with this quote because when I was taking the reading class in 8th grade, it focused strictly on getting better at reading. There were no group activities or talking together in the class. But when I started taking Spanish n 9th grade, almost everything we worked on was with a partner or we shared answers and ideas out loud. Tracking throughout all of every students education careers hurts them more than helps them. Tracking occurs because some people in the country think that the top students need the best education to become leaders in our society. I dont believe theres anything wrong with students who have had trouble in the past, got help, and can now perform the tasks they couldnt do before. Those students can also be leaders of the country one day too, because they learned from their own mistakes. Tracking will keep a record of the student not doing well and hold it to them throughout their schooling, Just like me. Tracking should be taken out of the American schooling system because it really does not help students; it hurts the ones who are trying to better themselves. The United States education system needs to stop discriminating students who children of our country will get better only by learning from a teacher who truly cares and makes children want to succeed, not by throwing standardized tests at them or tracking them until the day they graduate high school. If America cared more about its growing children then we would have a better view on the future, instead Americans are not agreeing to raise school budgets and funding. With the way the education system is going in America, I hope standardized tests and tracking will come to an end soon, or Just not be as prominent, and that students of all colors and backgrounds will have the same opportunities to grow and be whatever they dream of. Kara, S. (2007). Money, Schools, and Justice. In Supplemental Readings. Meier, T. (2007). Why Standardized Tests are Bad.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Amina, African Warrior Queen of Zazzau

Amina, African Warrior Queen of Zazzau Known for:  warrior queen, extending the territory of her people.  While stories about her could be legends, scholars believe she was an actual person who ruled in what is now the Zaria province of Nigeria. Dates: about 1533 - about 1600Occupation: Queen of ZazzauAlso Known as: Amina Zazzau, princess of ZazzauReligion: Muslim Sources of the History of Amina Oral tradition includes many stories about Amina of Zazzau, but scholars generally accept that the stories are based on a real person who ruled Zazzau, a Hausa city-state which is now Zaria province in Nigeria. The dates of Aminas life and rule are in dispute among scholars.  Some place her in the 15th century and some in the 16th.  Her story does not appear in writing until Muhammed Bello wrote of her accomplishments in the  Ifaq al-Maysur  which dates to 1836. The Kano Chronicle, a history written in the 19th century from earlier sources, mentions her as well, putting her rule in the 1400s. She is not mentioned in the list of rulers written from oral history in the 19th century and published in the early 20th, though the ruler Bakwa Turunka  appears there, Aminas mother. The name Amina means truthful or honest. Background, Family Grandfather: probably ruler of ZazzauMother: Bakwa of Turunka, ruling queen of ZazzauBrother: Karama (ruled as king, 1566-1576)Sister: Zariya, for whom the city of Zaria may be namedAmina refused to marry and had no children About Amina, Queen of Zazzau Aminas mother, Bakwa of Turunka, was the founding  ruler of Zazzauas a kingdom, one of many Hausa city-kingdoms involved in trade.  The collapse of the Songhai empire left a gap in power that these city-states filled. Amina, born in the city of Zazzau, was trained in skills of government and military warfare and fought in battles with her brother, Karama. In 1566, when Bakwa died, Aminas younger brother Karama became king. In 1576 when Karama died, Amina, now about 43, became Queen of Zazzau. She used her military prowess to expand the territory of Zazzau to the mouth of the Niger in the south and including Kano and Katsina in the north. These military conquests led to great wealth, both because they opened more trading routes and because conquered territories had to pay tribute. She is credited with building walls around her camps during her military ventures, and with building a wall around the city of Zaria.  Mud walls around cities became known as Aminas walls. Amina is also credited with initiating the cultivation of kola nuts in the area she ruled. While she never married perhaps imitating Queen Elizabeth I of England and had no children, legends tell of her taking, after a battle, a man from among the enemy, and spending the night with him, then killing him in the morning so he could tell no stories. Amina ruled for 34 years before her death. According to the legend, she was killed in a military campaign near Bida, Nigeria. In Lagos State, at the National Arts Theatre, there is a statue of Amina.  Many schools are named for her.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The Early Days of Ford Motor essays

The Early Days of Ford Motor essays For years, very few believed that a horse-less carriage would ever exist. Henry Ford was determined to prove them wrong. The crazy loon or the eccentric inventor as they called Ford, started the industrial revolution which changed daily life for the entire world (Sinclair 4). Ford built his first plant in Detroit, Michigan on Mack Ave. with the help of investors that backed up his beliefs in making the world mobile. During the first years of Ford Motor Company, Mr. Ford took great care and interest in his employees. As years went on, the demand for automobiles increased. With demand for cars in the rise, the company found that they needed to have the employees work harder and faster to produce more cars. In order to compensate his employees for this Mr. Ford began a Sociological Department within the Ford Motor Company. The purpose of that department was to determine if his workers qualified for the standard $5 a day plus a $0.26 per hour raise and a bonus every January. In order to qualifying for the bonus, you had to be married, had a good home, stable family life amongst many other qualifications (Sinclair 30). This program worked out for some time but at the end of that era, working conditions were worse off then ever before. For decades , the Ford workers were mistreated. Conditions inside the Ford Motor Company are completely different now than it was sixty years ago. The establishment of unions helped to better the life of all automobile workers. Upton Sinclair, the author of The Flivver King: A Story of Ford America , writes an extremely interesting historical novel about the start of the Ford Automobile Company. The story is told from the perspective of Abner Shutt, one of Ford's first employees. Abner lives in the times where Henry Ford began his auto design in the early 1900's till the mid 30's when Ford was known as the richest man in the world. ...

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Career management in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Career management in business - Essay Example These are the active and passive forms. The active strategies are implemented for the purpose of career management and they involve training of employees and organization of career workshops. The passive strategies, on the other hand, involve organizational practices such as performance indicators and reviews (Arnold, 1997) Although many organizations put a lot of effort in the facilitation of career management through passive activities, a few of them have incorporated both active and passive strategies into their business operations. Career management, therefore, provides an opportunity for an organization to achieve its aspirations and interest through a convergence of individuals who possess these with the business needs. The organizational leadership can provide development and direction to the individuals who seek career progression. The ever-changing global market place is always a challenge for organizations to recognize and improve. With the current trend of market dynamics, there is increasing demand for creative and effective recruitment and retention of workforce. Supportive career management practices where employee career development and satisfaction in the workplace are emphasized (Arthur, Inkson and Pringle, 1999). Organizations should seek to implement management practices in order to facilitate and encourage employees to find value in the organizations (THORNTON, 2007). A supportive career management practice ensures that the expectations of the employee are clearly set. This enables the employee identify what is expected of them in the organization throughout their career. This is also beneficial in self-evaluation where the employee can determine if they are making any impact in the organization. When an organization does not place clear expectations for employees, it makes them uncertain about the development of their careers in the organization. This in turn affects the employee output and contribution in the organization as well as the ge neral output and performance of the organization (BILIMORIA & PIDERIT, 2006). Employees are also given clear succession plans in the organization. This ensures that they do not stay in uncertainty about the future of their career in the organization. This clear communication of such plans between the organization and employees helps in the development of confidence in the organization. When employees have confidence in their employers, the quality of their input into organization improves. The employees are also sure about their career development in the organization and, therefore, may choose to stay with the organization for the rest of their careers. This is not the case with organizations, which do not plan for the career growth and development of their employees. These types of organizations have a high rate of employee turnover since the employee are uncertain of their future and career developments in the organization (GREENHAUS, CALLANAN & GODSHALK, 2010). Through the differ ent strategies for supportive career management practices, employees have the resources and time to consider both their long- and short-term goals. This self-evaluation and assessment helps the employees make reasonable career plans according to their abilities and commitment to the organization (HUNTER, 2006). With the time and resources to make these considerations, the employees are able to make accurate and honest assessments of themselves. The set long- and short-t

Friday, October 18, 2019

Statistics assignment Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment - Statistics Project Example where X1 , X2 , X3 are the three test scores and X is the final score. Assume that your test scores are (integer) values between 1 and 10 with equal probability 1/10, independently from each other. What is the probability mass function of the final score? Q6. (10) The metro train arrives at the station, always on time, near your home every quarter hour starting at 6:00 AM. You walk into the station every morning between 7:10 and 7:30 AM, with the time in this interval being a uniform random variable. The mean is the most commonly-used measure of central tendency in a distribution. The mean is valid only for interval data. Since it uses the values of all of the data points in the populations or sample, the mean is influenced by outliers that may be at the extremes of the data set. On the other hand, the median can be determined for ordinal data as well as interval data. Unlike the mean, the median is not influenced by outliers at the extremes of the data set. Q8. (10) A system consists of 3 components arranged in series. The lifetime (in days) of each component follows approximately an exponential distribution with a mean lifetime of 100 days. The lifetimes of the components are independent. Where p1(x, ï  ¬), p2(x, ï  ¬), p3(x, ï  ¬) are three independent exponential distributions in parallel. After some algebra and if we take q as any of the three independent exponential distributions, q = p1 or q = p2, q = q3, q = ï  ¬

SUBARANOIDAL hemorrhage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SUBARANOIDAL hemorrhage - Essay Example A patient suffering from vasculitis may also experience symptoms related to this disorder. The blood vessels inside the brain of such a patient becomes inflamed which when not treated in time causes bursting of the vessels (Porth, 2011). Subaranoidal hemorrhage impairs the ability of the cerebral circulation to sustain a steady cerebral blood flow within the brain by unbalancing the regulation of cerebral blood flow by the small arteries and arterioles located in the brain (Porth, 2011). SAH can further cause blood to leak into the cerebrospinal fluid forming a clot which blocks cerebrospinal circulation. This blocking of CSF causes the fluid to buildup, a condition which can lead to hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus causes the ventricles within the CSF to increase in size making it difficult for patients to coordinate body functions. However, this fluid swelling can be intervened by putting a drain in the ventricles. When this condition is not treated in time, blood leaking from a torn aneurysm can damage nearby brain cells leading to mental complications and physical

Dra DB ROD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dra DB ROD - Assignment Example Tsakos’ presentation is methodological, interactive and effectively thought through. She presents her ideas systematically and proves the claims she makes. I therefore conquer with all the facts she presents and does not disagree with any of the facts she presented since she provided sufficient proof to them. Theater is indeed a catalyst for social change. Theaters assemble people of varying ages and cultural backgrounds for entertainment purposes. The messages that occur in the form of themes address social, economic and political issues. Through such messages, theaters influence public opinion thereby initiating social changes. Character and theme are two of the six Aristotelian elements. Character refers to the agents in the plot used to convey a message while a theme is the central reason for the play and the message in the same. The two are evident in Tsakos’ video. She uses a number of performers including herself in her attempt to prove that technology has enhanced the development of theaters. Her systematic use and portrayal of the six Aristotelian elements in her video coupled with her systematic relay of information makes her presentation a fine

Dra DB ROD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dra DB ROD - Assignment Example Tsakos’ presentation is methodological, interactive and effectively thought through. She presents her ideas systematically and proves the claims she makes. I therefore conquer with all the facts she presents and does not disagree with any of the facts she presented since she provided sufficient proof to them. Theater is indeed a catalyst for social change. Theaters assemble people of varying ages and cultural backgrounds for entertainment purposes. The messages that occur in the form of themes address social, economic and political issues. Through such messages, theaters influence public opinion thereby initiating social changes. Character and theme are two of the six Aristotelian elements. Character refers to the agents in the plot used to convey a message while a theme is the central reason for the play and the message in the same. The two are evident in Tsakos’ video. She uses a number of performers including herself in her attempt to prove that technology has enhanced the development of theaters. Her systematic use and portrayal of the six Aristotelian elements in her video coupled with her systematic relay of information makes her presentation a fine

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Sex, crime, and soceity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sex, crime, and soceity - Essay Example Despite the many centuries that have passed, many of the beliefs and biases that have animated patriarchal laws have still managed to leave their imprint on present-day legislation. A reexamination of the purpose of the law is long overdue (Wells, 1985). That precisely is what makes the crime of rape so different from other crimes in the statute books. There are complex issues of gender and power involved and the body is perceived as a political field (Duncan, 1995). To quote Baron and Strauss (1987): According to feminist theory, rape functions as a mechanism of social control in patriarchal societies (Brownmiller, 1975; Riger and Gordon, 1981). Feminist theorists argue that rape and the fear of rape enable men to assert their power over women and maintain the existing system of gender stratification (Adamec & Adamec, 1981; Barry, 1979; Brownmiller, 1975; Riger and Gordon, 1981; Russell, 1984; Sanaday, 1981). Clark and Lewis (1977) argue that rape is more likely to occur in societies where women are regarded as the sexual and reproductive possessions of men. In such societies, men sustain their power and privilege and enforce their sexual rights through threats or use of force. Baron and Strauss further went and described the four theories that underlie the crime of rape, in their paper that presents a theoretical model which integrates the four macrosociological theories of rape. They describe these four theories as follows: One theory holds that rape is a mechanism of gender inequality. A second theory attributes rape to the proliferation of pornographic materials. A third, called cultural spillover theory, maintains that cultural norms which favor violence for socially legitimate purposes tend to be generalized to other social contexts and increase the likelihood of rape. And a final theory holds that social disorganization reduces social constraints against

Bus law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus law - Essay Example Frank can only have an enforceable security interest if three conditions are fulfilled: the written agreement includes the value of the car that has been given as collateral, Eddie has rights over the car or has the ability to have rights over that car and also Eddie must have authenticated the security agreement with a description of the car or Frank is in control of the car. If the above three conditions have been included in the agreement, then Frank can say that he has security interests and this is enforceable by law, if not, then he has no security interests and just have to depend on Eddie to pay back the loan as per their agreement. If Frank has an enforceable security interest under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) article 9, then he can be granted perfection of the security agreement. This means that he can file a notice in the public office. This notice is for other creditors to be notified of the security interest Frank has in that car. In order for this notice to be enforceable, Frank has to provide Eddie’s name, description of the car and his name or the name of his representatives (if he has security interests already). This notice (also called a financial statement) is valid for a period of five years from the time it is filed, but that period can be extended (Sepinuck

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Dra DB ROD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dra DB ROD - Assignment Example Tsakos’ presentation is methodological, interactive and effectively thought through. She presents her ideas systematically and proves the claims she makes. I therefore conquer with all the facts she presents and does not disagree with any of the facts she presented since she provided sufficient proof to them. Theater is indeed a catalyst for social change. Theaters assemble people of varying ages and cultural backgrounds for entertainment purposes. The messages that occur in the form of themes address social, economic and political issues. Through such messages, theaters influence public opinion thereby initiating social changes. Character and theme are two of the six Aristotelian elements. Character refers to the agents in the plot used to convey a message while a theme is the central reason for the play and the message in the same. The two are evident in Tsakos’ video. She uses a number of performers including herself in her attempt to prove that technology has enhanced the development of theaters. Her systematic use and portrayal of the six Aristotelian elements in her video coupled with her systematic relay of information makes her presentation a fine

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Bus law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus law - Essay Example Frank can only have an enforceable security interest if three conditions are fulfilled: the written agreement includes the value of the car that has been given as collateral, Eddie has rights over the car or has the ability to have rights over that car and also Eddie must have authenticated the security agreement with a description of the car or Frank is in control of the car. If the above three conditions have been included in the agreement, then Frank can say that he has security interests and this is enforceable by law, if not, then he has no security interests and just have to depend on Eddie to pay back the loan as per their agreement. If Frank has an enforceable security interest under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) article 9, then he can be granted perfection of the security agreement. This means that he can file a notice in the public office. This notice is for other creditors to be notified of the security interest Frank has in that car. In order for this notice to be enforceable, Frank has to provide Eddie’s name, description of the car and his name or the name of his representatives (if he has security interests already). This notice (also called a financial statement) is valid for a period of five years from the time it is filed, but that period can be extended (Sepinuck

Fiscal and Physical Planning of Vocational Essay Example for Free

Fiscal and Physical Planning of Vocational Essay Introduction Education generally is planned to develop the people in a society, In essence proper steps should be taken in the planning process. Nuhu (2007) sees vocational and technical education as that education, concerned with the acquisition of practical and applied skills, as well as basic scientific knowledge. It is only therefore a planned programme of theory and practical learning experiences that will guarantee acquisition of basic academic and life skills, achievement of high academic standards, leadership and preparation for industry-defined work. In any organization, planning competence is required in setting goals, developing strategies and outlining tax schedules to facilitate accomplishment of such goals. Planning is the process of organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It is basically concerned with the organization of men, money and materials (3M), which are one of the major functions of the top management, for without effective planning, a waste of time and resources is possible. It is also necessary to note therefore, that information is the key to planning and the need for adequate and timely information cannot be over emphasized. One of the major philosophies of education in Nigeria is based on the integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen, this and most of the national educational aims and objectives can only be achieved through a properly planned vocational and technical education. Planning of vocational and technical education is basically to enhance human dignity and enthrone work and labor by making individuals acquire and develop enough saleable and employable skills, competencies, attitudes as well as knowledge to enable them gain and maintain basic employment or self-reliance for a comfortable living. The Nigerian dream of building a truly egalitarian society can only be achieved through the effective use of vocational and technical education because it offers life-long education to all types of learners and enable them realize and develop their self-potentials maximally. In planning vocational and technical education, we decide in advance, what to be done, when, where, how and by whom it is to be done. It also entails working out before hand, how to achieve or accomplish the objectives of vocational and technical education, stated in the National policy on education (2004). Which includes:- 1. Providing trained manpower in applied sciences, technology and business. 2. Providing the technical knowledge and vocational skills necessary for agricultural, commercial and economic development. 3. Giving training and imparting necessary skills to individual who shall be self reliant economically. 4. Providing maximum options for learners to advance or branch out into gainful employment. 5. Making education concrete and understandable while general education should point out the vocational implication of all educational experiences. 6. Providing pre-vocational orientation to students into the world of work. 7. Developing attitudes, basic educative skills and habits appropriate for work. 8. Satisfying the demands of the society that is technology-oriented and the needs of man for liberalizing experience in his educational growth and similar undertakings. 9. Providing professionals who can apply scientific knowledge to the improvement and solution of environmental problems for the use and convenience of man. 10. To give an introduction to professional studies in other technological field. 11. Enabling our young men and women to have intelligent understanding of the increasing complexity of technology. And in pursuance of these set goals and objectives of vocational and technical education, the main features of the curricular shall be structured in both theory and practical learning experiences. The curriculum shall consist of five components, which are:- 1. General education 2. Theory and related courses 3. Workshop practice 4. Industrial training 5. Small business management For effective participation of students in practical work, the teacher-student ratio shall be kept at 1:20, and trainees completing vocational and technical education programmes shall have this three options and more:- a. To secure employment b. To set up their own business c. Pursue further education Without finance, the above objectives cannot be achieve, hence fiscal planning is the life wire of vocational and technical education Fiscal planning of vocational and technical education It refers to the most appropriate way to access finances (money) and determine the best course of action to take (budgeting) for future benefits. Fiscal planning of vocational and technical education means deciding in advance, how funds will be sourced and allocated to each of the areas in vocational and technical education. This is a major function of the government, budget committee on education and educational administrators. It goes further to answers such questions such as:- 1. What are the sources of funding VTE? 2. How much fund is available? 3. Which areas should fund be allocated? 4. Why will such funds be allocated? What are the sources of funding VTE? VTE just like general education have specific sources of funding which include:- 1. Government allocation 2. Internally generated revenue (IGR) 3. Education trust/tax fund. 4. International aid from world bank and developed countries 5. Non-governmental agencies (NGO) and more. How much fund is available? While the allocation to education tops those of other sectors in Nigeria’s 2013 budget proposal presented to the joint session of the National Assembly on the 10th of October 2012 by President Jonathan, the amount is still far below the standard set by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The proposed allocation of N426 billion to the sector takes only 8. 7percent of the proposed total national budget of N4. 9 trillion, whereas the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), actually recommended for allocation of 26percent to the sector which is very vital to national development (Education) and VTE being very capital intensive requires more funding. So the question of how much fund is available will depend on how rich is the country in focus, and how much is allocated to education sector in general. Which areas should fund be allocated? This may have to deal with a simple analysis of human and material resources that will be needed to run the various VTE programmes such as business education, technical education, agric and home economics education. Why will such funds be allocated? Funds should be made available to run VTE so as to achieve the aforementioned goals and in the long run achieve the national objectives of Nigeria and they include the building of:- 1. A free and democratic society. 2. A just and egalitarian society. 3. A united, strong and self reliant nation. 4. A great and dynamic economy. 5. A land of bright and full opportunities for all citizens. Physical planning of VTE Physical planning entails the organization of land and infrastructure use, while emphasizing the need for providing a balanced economic development and conserving resources. There is a relationship between the fiscal and physical planning of VTE, as there can be no human and material presence without a good financial budget. The physical planning of VTE relates to land and material aspects in the planning process, and organizing human and material resources for effective operations of vocation and technical education. This plan involves the following:- 1. A topographical survey on existing VTE schools. 2. Preparing architectural designs and drawings 3. Ensuring supervision of construction and rehabilitation work. 4. Provision of preventive maintenance facilities. 5. Designing laboratory for VTE workshop for practical learning. 6. Ensuring proper ventilation in classrooms and workshop. 7. Provision of appropriate office and class room furniture. 8. Ensuring availability of capable professionals in the various VTE programmes. Budgeting techniques in planning VTE Budgetary processes constitute the primary mechanism for planning and controlling educational activities. Budgets have been defined in various ways by managers and school administrators because organizations are always functioning by monitoring the flow of money in order to attain its set goals and objectives. Knezevich (1975) defined budgeting as a financial or quantitative statement that has been prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time. This statement includes policy to be pursued during the period for the attainment of objectives  However, it is pertinent to state that education budget is a financial blue print for the operation of the educational sector for the fiscal year. Types of budgeting 1. Line – Item Budgeting-: This is the traditional technique of budgeting which lists items on a purely object basis. It is also referred to as object of expenditure budget. This type of budgeting classifies expenditure on the basis of articles or items purchased. It refers to the grouping of expenditure into categories such as administrative staff salaries, academic staff salaries, supplies and materials, repairs and maintenance and so on. 2. Performance Budget-: It is an improvement on traditional budgeting because it emphasis the use of brief explanations to support each item of expenditure. In this type of budget, one does not budget for money but one budget for the objective to be achieved. Moreover, Calden and Wildaryshy (1974) remarked that performance budgeting allow transactions to be identified by general purpose in order to distinguish between expenditures which contribute tp development and those which do not. 3. Functional budgeting-: This technique of budgeting simply explains the budget according to the head which it is expected to meet. Ebhomien (1984) stated that the demerit of this type of budgeting includes the fact that objectives of such budgets are not always clearly stated because they are usually broadly defined. This form of budgeting does not give room for full accountability as it makes it difficult for someone to know how every little bit of the fund allocated is spent. Caffarella Model of Programmme Planning Cafferalla Program Planning Model Caffarella listed 12 steps to be considered in programme planning. The 12 steps are: †¢Discerning the context †¢Building a solid base of support †¢Identifying programme ideas. †¢Sorting and prioritizing programme ideas †¢Developing programme objectives †¢Designing instructional plans †¢Devising transfer-of-learning plans †¢Formulating evaluation plans †¢Making recommendations and communicating results †¢Selecting formats, schedules and staff needs †¢Preparing budgets and marketing plans †¢Coordinating facilities and on-site events Caffarella presents the model as a circle where all 12 steps point toward the center circle, called the Interactive Model of Programme Planning, indicating that the process is non-sequential. The program planner can begin the process at any one of the 12 steps, and does not need to work around the circle but rather each step is a reminder of important tasks to be completed during the process. How fiscal and physical planning has contributed to the growth of VTE 1. There is improved awareness and acceptance of vocational and technical education. 2. It has provided a basis for timely decision making. 3. There is more intervention in the area of infrastructure. For example, the new VTE workshop in our school. (UNIBEN) 4. It has promoted more effective and efficient utilization of available resources. 5. It has ensured continuity of vocational and technical education in our various institutions. Factors to consider before planning vocational and technical education Initial assessment of existing VTE system:- It will be necessary to first assess the existing VTE system capacity, including funding levels and budget utilization, strengths, weaknesses and deficiencies before embarking on a large-scale system reform or expansion strategy. There is therefore the need to conduct specific baseline studies that also explore the existing links with the other levels of education and national labor policies. Linkage with other sectors of the national economy:- There should be specification in clears terms between VTE and other sectors of the national economy in order to effectively link the VTE strategy to other national strategies and policies in the area of education and training, employment, and socio-economic development. Linkage with regional and international policies:- How does the national VTE strategy dovetail into existing regional and international education and training policy frameworks and protocols? National VTE strategies should take into account the education and training protocols of regional groupings like The Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS), Southern African Development Community (SADC), and The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and also other acknowledged international agencies involved in education and skills training, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), American Dental Education Association (ADEA) and The International Labor Organization (ILO). Linkage with the world of work:- Since the ultimate objective of VTE is employability and employment promotion, it is necessary to link training to the needs of the labor market. VTE must be relevant and demand-driven, rather than supply-driven and a stand-alone activity. In order to do this, data is required on the actual employability of VTE graduates, available job opportunities, and the evolving skills demands on the labor front. Determining the demand for skills is best achieved through country specific Labor Market Information Systems (LMIS) and other survey instruments. Instructor training and professionalization of VTE staff:- The professional competence of vocational and technical education teachers is crucial to the successful implementation of any VTE strategy. Governments should therefore make conscious efforts, not only to train but also to retain teachers in the program. REFERENCES Adaralegbe, A. (2001). A Philosophy of Nigerian Education. Ibadan: Heinemann. Ahubaka, I. (1996). The Role of Science and Technology in National Development. Caffarella, R. S. (2001). Planning programs for adult learners: A practical guide for educators, trainers, and staff developers (2 ed. ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc Ekpenyong, L. E. (1992). â€Å"Business Teacher Education in Nigeria Prospects and Challenges for the 21st Century. Ekpenyong, L. E. Nwabuisi, J. N. (2001). Curriculum and Human Resource Development issues in Business Education. Ekpenyong, L. E. (2005). Foundations of Technical and Vocational Education. Benin City: Supreme Ideal Publishers Int. Ltd. Evans, R. (1982). Why Vocational Education belong in the Comprehensive High Education. Journal of American Vocational Association. 57 (6). Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). â€Å"National Policy on Education† (4th Ed) Yaba. NERDC press. Ile, C. M. , Asoegwu, M. N. N. Chukwugbo, G. C. (2005). â€Å"Essentials of Vocational Education and Technical Education for beginners†. Awka: Marpat Educational Research and Publishers. Miller J. V. and Vetter L. (1996). â€Å"Vocational Guidance for Equal Access and Opportunity for Girls and Women in Technical and Vocational Education†. Paris. UNESCO. Ogwo, B. A and Oranu, R. N. (2006). â€Å"Methodology in Formal and Non Formal Technical/Vocational Education†. Enugu: Ijejas Printers Publishers Company. Olairan, S. 0. (1990). Vocational and Technical Education: Issues and Analysis. Onitsha: Nobel Graphic Press. Osuala, E. C. (1995). Functions of Vocational Education. Nsukka: Falladu Publishing Company. www. africa-union. org/strategy-to-revitalize-technical-and-vocational-education-and-training-in-africa www. businessdayonline. com/NG/index. php/component/content/article/366-business-shool/46337-2013-budget-educations-allocation-still-far-below-unescos-stipulat.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Gender Equality in Human Resource Management

Gender Equality in Human Resource Management The term Sexual Orientation Equality portrays the equal esteeming of the unique parts expected by men and women. The subject endeavors to vanquish hypothesis pieces and partialities, so both people and females are set up to do likewise getting rewards and contributing towards social, political, social and cash related changes inside society. At whatever go-to individuals and women recognize esteem, the provoke result is a quick and stable change in the economy. The trained and sound women in the general population field are reliable and obliging towards their families and nations (Lorber, 2005) Despite the fact that men and women are disparate physically, it is the financial, political, social and lawful translation of such contracts that eventually prompt to making imbalance among them. In social disparity, men and women commonly have distinctive duties and parts in their day-to-day lives and work. It is foreseen that men appear to do substantially more hazardous and heavier work that is found far from their home. Work done by men seems to have significantly higher status as contrasted and ladies who have the real duty regarding childcare, elderly care, get ready and overseeing sustenance for their families. Gender equality signifies a culture in which men and women have the benefit of the similar opportunities, outcomes, obligations and rights in life. Uniformity amongst ladies and men exist when both genders are fit for sharing commonly in the appropriation of impact and power; have a square with open doors for budgetary flexibility through the arrangement of organizations or work; appreciate equal and simple access to training and the prospects to build up individual claim objectives. Women and men are not made proportional. They each have their God-given qualities, focused on their commitments to multiplication and family common sense. Those qualifications are not easily dismissed. Regardless, those refinements dont bolster sex isolation in general society eye, and in no way, shape or form in the workplace.(Malkin, 2005) Ladies have unequal access to wellbeing administrations and training, confront a biased based impediment at the work environment. Social traditions that drive or empower young women into early childbearing and high school relational unions have hazardous and coordinate results for their wellbeing. There are numerous elevated amounts of severity and viciousness against women nearly in all countries around the globe. This could be among their families where it is managed a regular custom. Violence, in the navigate of furnished conflict, is used to humiliate the foes and to undermine resistance and certainty. The financial imbalance is straightforwardly identified with the money related and budgetary states of women. More than 70% of poor on the planet are women, while the ratio of females living in neediness has fundamentally and lopsidedly expanded as contrasted and men. Ladies likewise have unequal access to vital financial assets like credit, capital, land, and work. Confined open doors for professional success and business are accessible for women. These impediments confine the abilities of women to enhance their budgetary and monetary situation (Zinn, 2005). Ladies have not spoken to properly at all levels of governments necessary leadership in the group, however particularly at national and provincial levels. The legal framework in the greater part of the nations segregates especially against women in the fields of legacy, family law, arrive proprietorship, property, criminal law, and citizenship. The indictment of cases, in the vast majority of the nations, including viciousness against women is troublesome and confused. The discrimination especially against girls and women- including economic discrimination, domestic violence, harmful conventional practices and reproductive inequities- remains the most persistent and pervasive form of inequality. Moreover, women bear further hardship during, as well as, after conflict and different humanitarian emergencies. Women makeup roughly half of the human inhabitants but are comparatively marginalized compared with their male counterparts. (Wilson 2003) The gender equality has been accepted and recognized as human rights principles since the approval of the charter of United Nations in 1945. Most of the global agreements such as the Millennium Development Goals (2000) and the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) have highlighted and stressed on the significant want for all the nations to take appropriate measures against such biased practices. Accomplishing the goal of gender equality requires each woman and men to paintings collectively in sorting and looking for the answers, within the particular approaches that inspire and aid mutual believe and admire. The packages to make certain gender equality need to cope with all styles of violence in opposition to women, which includes trafficking in girls and women, promoting energetic function of girls in peace constructing and struggle eventualities. It must also be ensured that the troubles of gender equality are integrated into infrastructure and governance activities. Sexual orientation uniformity is the first and essential human right. Ladies are similarly qualified for live in opportunity and additionally poise from dread and need. Enabling women is a viable device for lessening neediness and propelling improvement. Enabled women are in a superior position for contributing towards profitability and strength of whole families and additionally groups. They can likewise bolster in enhancing prospects, particularly for the coming era (Kramer, 2004). In spite of numerous assertions at universal level asserting the social privileges of ladies and guaranteeing the reason for sexual orientation fairness, ladies are yet to be more probable, as contrasted and men, to be malnourished, weak and unskilled. They have a low level of access than men to property possession, therapeutic care, work, credit, and preparing. Their potential outcomes for being politically dynamic are not as much as men. Besides, they are much more presented to the abusive behavior at home. The capacity of women for controlling their fruitfulness is altogether central to the strengthening and uniformity of women. At the point when a female is solid, she is gainful. At the point when ladies profitable rights-including the key appropriate to arrange birth timing alongside separating and to settle on basic choices identified with the pressure and generation are ensured and advanced, she has self-sufficiency to partake similarly in the general public. An indispensable a part of supporting the chance of sexual orientation correspondence depends on enabling girls, with a first-rate think about reviewing and recognizing lopsided power characteristics and conjointly giving additional autonomy to delineate their lives. Ladies invigorating is, honestly, essential to wise progression and additionally the understanding of human rights for everybody A prosperous and flourishing society suggests that women and men have parallel open entryways for understanding their human rights. People and females contribute typically towards satisfying the necessities of societal and social movement. The societal and social progress is mainly connected with the political, national and money related change. The men and women must benefit comparable in the general population field from the consequences of that event (Kramer, 2004). In any case, imbalance extremely limits economic advancement, particularly in the creating nations, where a large portion of the ladies are the significant nourishment makers, essential educators, assembles fuel and water, workers and suppliers of human services in the casual economy. Practical advancement in a public is dependent on the equivalent commitments made by men and women. Overall guaranteeing square with support for women in advance of their groups requires two noteworthy components; comparable capacity to contribute and rise to chance to perform such exercises. The status of women in the significant territories of society including training, wellbeing, central leadership and access to assets must be made strides. Planned endeavors ought to be done to guarantee that especially women have an honest to goodness and equal part towards molding the societal development. Decreasing sexual orientation imbalances suggests benefits for women as well as for men, kids and the elderly , and for the poor and also the rich. Human Resource Management speaks to productive and implementable answers for the issues developing from the imbalance amongst men and women. The appropriation of a reasonable HRM show in associations presents level with circumstances, particularly for work force approach as the endorsement of a HRM topic, which connotes creating, and esteeming individuals in quest for objectives and which focuses on the individuals part and the importance of contribution, give chances to contentions about surveying all individuals. The assorted qualities in esteeming individuals empower the advancement of sexual orientation equity to be related with the achievement of business objectives. The speculation that the ascent of HRM is profitable for women and for sexual orientation correspondence requires prompt consideration and activity. This consideration is fundamentally required, as critical disparities exist especially in associations thinking about the advance of women in non-customary regions of work. Albeit critical advance has been made to guarantee sexual orientation correspondence, still a considerable measure of work is to be finished. The HRM hones in an association give workable arrangements. Especially in general society segments of the greater part of the countries, because of its main goal and hostile to prejudicial administration alongside arrangement of open administrations remains a noteworthy issue. The open deliberation is the means by which to make conditions in which men and women can finish their potential. (Wilson, 2003) At the level of associations, practices and arrangements identifying with sexual orientation administration are largely in the circle of human asset administration (HRM). HRM is seen as key within the associations. It notably includes whole body hands together with general directors. It regards people because it is the most immense sole resource of the association. It is merely proactive in its immediate association with individuals; and it with excitement appearance to upgrade the execution of organizations, the social prosperity and representatives desires. A reliable idea of HRM writing is the creation and improvement of responsibility to line administrators with the end goal of overseeing human asset. (Wilson, 2003) Duty regarding the compelling execution of the Gender equity approach rests with the Head of every Department of office, upheld by the senior administration team.(2008). senior line administration, specifically, is portrayed as having the locus of obligation for human asset matters. The line chiefs part is no longer restricted to sorting out and observing the conveyance of administrations, yet is creating in connection with HRM. It includes achieving the HRM arrangement destinations of responsibility, adaptability, quality and in the end the adequacy of subordinates. In the advanced age, HRM chiefs are liable to, and more required in novel practices in direct interchanges, choice, examination, target setting, preparing and improvement and inspiration. (Kramer, 2004)Development of responsibilities to HRM managers may be a primary part of the recent ideas, connected on to diversity and equality management. Rather than concentrating on under-represented teams like females, managing dive rsity is based totally on the theme that folks} ought to be rather valued as individuals for general reasons associated with the interests of business also as for social and ethical reasons. Development of responsibility to HRM managers is stressed once the difficulty is taken into account of United Nations agency is answerable for implementing the method of valuing entire people. This is a grave matter of concern for full employees, particular supervisors as opposed to being seen as an issue identified with just human asset experts. In pursuit of such organizations that offer equality and fairness, that specifically ensures that each man and ladies fulfill their full potential, several problems square measure regression from the event of answerableness to HRM managers, the primary issues HRM manager competency whereas managing individuals effectively. Depleted coaching alongside goodly strains of labor has been in the central highlighted, as characteristics prescribing the amount t o that delegating of Human Resource management is feasible. The deficiency of social control competency and capabilities instead of discrimination or racism can be the first reason for managers incapability to manage, a multiple and honest clusters of individuals. Another issue is whether to evaluate HRM operates on their effectiveness in assuring gender equality. The menstruation can be a primary part of acceptable results and performance goals for accomplishing results. Moreover, equal opportunities goals for HRM managers may even be counter-productive, and per se, they ought to accurately be inspired to line goals for themselves, focusing totally on their social control capability. To ensure equal and non-discriminatory treatment of each man and women continues to be a big challenge confronted by the HRM managers within the organizations. Within the space of managing diversity and HRM, there is a lot of stress on delegated responsibility with line managers forward the various roles. Delegation and devolvement have some strong resonance with the present pragmatic deliberations of the organizations where optimal resources are low and central overheads were particularly subject to scrutiny. (Wilson, 2003) In any case, regressing duty regarding the reason for sexual orientation administration brings up some noteworthy issues. The first is whether this symbolizes a decent opportunity to infix into societies of associations, social control considering, conduct, and estimations of balance and reasonableness while tending to the sex issues that square measure the main goal for a large number of the associations. Second is whether or not or not rather than the removal of a supporter of equality, and so the strain of line managers being primarily in control of gender equality in the pursuit of their HRM duties shows the events for abdication on behalf of individual executives. Devolvement of sexual orientation administration to HRM administrators could display a huge open door for finding direct obligation inside the dispatch of most fit individuals. Administrators may go up against a few difficulties though ensuring sexual orientation uniformity. It incorporates expanding exercises of HRM, clashing needs, their insufficiencies and absence of answerability identifying with equity. It is necessary to look for the ways in which may adequately address the difficulty of gender difference and develop cultures in which gender is ensured. Each individual is liberated to create his/her most contribution. Delegation and delegation of responsibility to HRM managers will play a significant role. However, it is the tremendous potential to represent the last word alternative from gender equality. Supportive, continuous coaching, effective leadership, education for managers, vigilance for structure, communication ways, outcomes, and processes are necessary ingredients t o handle the significant challenges of difference gift between men and women. (Wilson, 2003) The important and empirically based assessment of HRM indicates an important reality concerning the challenges baby-faced by the HRM whereas managing gender equality. These embody management} control, exaggerated police investigation and work intensification, weakening of mutual regulation and shifting of considerable risk to staff. Therefore, HRM guarantees such employment practices, which might develop the well-rewarded, well-trained, comparatively secure, motivated, committed and authorized men, unbiased towards favoritism and racism. The HRM organizations area unit thought-about as high-commitment organizations. Activity and attitudinal commitment area unit applied to support and increase job performance and to see the speed of turnover, justifying entire investments created in exceptionally trained, incredibly talented and high-quality workers. The HRM managers to confront the difficulties of gender difference additionally apply a wide range of personnel plans. These policies are directly joined to the worker involvement like communication, job design, and leadership vogue. (Wilson, 2003) Attention to make sure gender equality reflects a clear research-based cognizance that organizations commitment towards resolution of this matter is influenced by work and job expertise instead of by the gender or by personal options. For instance, high level of equality between the sexes exists in those organizations where job provides ample scope for self-expression and responsibility. Socialization and selection are also observed as important aspects while implementing the solutions to ensure gender equality. An outstanding example of current application is the organizations commitment towards gender equality measured by select inputs such as visible hours and kind of performance. The willingness and capacity to work annualized hours is yet another outstanding example of current application.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jens Mona in the Promised Land Essays

Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land Novels that illustrate a confrontation between disparate cultures provide particularly straightforward insights into basic human behavior. Characters confronted with a cultural conflict must explore basic human commonalities to breach the gap between the cultures. In doing so, one diminishes the differences between her culture and the unknown culture, ultimately bringing her closer to her raw humanity. Simultaneously, this sets the stage for countless sociological case studies that may illuminate important human behaviors that are otherwise masked by the bias of a dominating culture. A prime subject for one such examination is Mona Chang, a natural-born American who strives to overcome the cultural pressure posed by her Chinese immigrant parents so that she may be accepted by her peers. Appearing in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land, Chang finds herself in a situation that tests her identity as an American. The test, occurring in her adolescence, proves inconclusive. In turn, it motivates Chang to affirm her identity at the expense of her maturity-a struggle that continues until she overcomes the factor that initially questioned her identity. Thus, the cultural backdrop of Jen's Mona in the Promised Land provides an excellent basis to study the human character, from which one may infer that an incident that causes identity confusion in one's adolescent life must be resolved before one may reach maturity. In Chang's case, her oriental appearance pairs her with Sherman Matsumoto, the newest ad... ... one must rely primarily upon the text itself as well as interviews with Jen. Although few scholarly resources are available with pertinence to this novel, it is not difficult to make a substantial argument for the aforementioned themes. Naturally, those themes apply only to adolescents who have not yet matured fully from a psychological perspective. In conclusion, the cultural clash in Jen's Mona in the Promised Land allows one to discern easily that one must figuratively conquer that which troubles her sense of identity lest her maturity remain underdeveloped. Works Cited April Guest: Gish Jen. McDougal Littell Page. 1999. . Jen, Gish. Mona in the Promised Land. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1997.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Ottoman Architecture Essay -- Art, Islamic Architecture

There are few things that actually do last. Legends, arts, beliefs, and architecture are among the few that actually do last. Architecture can be defined as a practice of constructing and designing a building project. However, the Islamic architecture has a distinctive range of both religious and secular styles that have been influenced by the Islamic culture. Furthermore, The structure of Islamic architecture that is used in mosques, tombs, palaces and fountains is unavoidable in sight. The relationship between early Islamic architecture and modern foundation of construction provides a penetrating overview of encompass of Islamic culture in Iran, Tunisia, India, and Turkey. However, Turkey was such a desirable region and preserved of the astonishing site of the structural design of the Ottoman Empire. Originally, the incredible mosques in Turkey have emerged from the wonders of Islamic art such as Suleimaniye Mosque. The sense of gorgeous decoration and quotations from the Quran on the mosque’s interior walls is typically Islamic. The marvelous design of the Ottoman architectural design persists its flourishing in the present day with a combination of luxury and modern art. One of the best examples in modern life is Zabeel Saray Hotel in Dubai, which has the perfect harmony between the old Ottoman architecture and modern luxurious hotel. As the Ottoman Empire emerged, it brought up its own distinctive touch on culture from literature, art, music and most importantly architecture. Ottoman architecture is considered a blend of Islamic Mamluk traditions, Byzantine architecture as well as Iranian architecture. Building techniques at that time were very advanced, architects were able to balance between inner and outer spaces in a... ...nd Polyurethane (a substance made from the foam of sea salt) ( Jumeirah organization, 2001). At the hotel entrance, a â€Å"Tughra† which is a symbol of an ottoman power was used as a part of an exterior design. Moreover, Jumeirah Zabeel Saray is a multifunctional hotel it consist of 10 restaurants, bars, 12 boutiques, conference rooms, Mehteran Theatre, and Talise Ottoman Spa that includes a relaxation area and a Turkish hammam ( Jumeirah organization, 2011). As Mahgoub (2009) mentioned,† that air conditioned and glass covered buildings are considered symbols of modernity and civilization†. Modern buildings have advanced safety measures that were not available during the Ottoman Empire. Such as fire staircase, fire extinguishers and emergency exits. As a result, modern and old traditional architecture are combined to satisfy the demand of both new and old generations.